Low-fat diet helps slow prostate tumours in mice

Laboratory mice with advanced human prostate cancer that were deprived of the hormone testosterone were fed a diet low in polyunsaturated fats and remained in remission about twice as long as mice fed a diet with a much higher fat content, the study found.

The mice on the low-fat diet also lived nearly twice as long as those on the high-fat diet, said Dr. William Aronson, a Jonsson Cancer Center researcher and the study's lead author. Additionally, levels of PSA - which measures the amount of prostate cancer present - were markedly lower in the mice fed a low-fat diet.

Aronson called the results 'very significant' but cautioned that large studies need to be conducted in humans to ensure the results can be translated from mice to men.

"These results provide a sound basis for clinical trials evaluating the impact of dietary fat reduction in prostate cancer patients on hormone therapy,"​ said Aronson, an associate clinical professor of urology. "This new finding tells us that a low-fat diet can impact cancer growth and survival times in laboratory mice. We need to understand why, and duplicate the results in humans."​

Standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer is to stop production of the hormone testosterone, which drives cancer growth. Called androgen deprivation therapy, this treatment works for a time. However, many men then develop cancers that are androgen independent, meaning the cancers grow despite low levels of testosterone. Once that happens, hormone therapy is no longer effective and few other treatment options are available, Aronson said.

For the study, published in the recent issue of the journal Cancer Research​, laboratory mice with human prostate cancer were divided into three groups. One group was fed a high-fat diet containing about 42 per cent of calories from polyunsaturated fats. A second group of mice were castrated - to mimic men on androgen deprivation therapy - and fed a diet containing 42 per cent of calories from fat. The third group of mice, also castrated, were fed a low-fat diet, with about 12 per cent of calories coming from fat. All three groups ate the same number of calories, Aronson said.

The uncastrated mice in the high-fat diet group had tumours that grew rapidly and the animals died quickly from the cancer. Tumour growth in the castrated mice being fed a high-fat diet stabilised for a time - mirroring what happens to men with advanced prostate on hormone therapy. As expected, and as often happens in humans, the cancers in this mice group then began to grow again.

Meanwhile, the castrated mice on a low-fat diet went twice as long before their cancers became androgen independent and began to grow again. Additionally, survival times were significantly longer in the low-fat diet group, and tumour size was much smaller than those found in mice on a high-fat diet, Aronson said.

"This study may help us solve a clinical problem, how to prevent or delay androgren independence,"​ Aronson said. "Maybe men on androgen deprivation therapy, if they eat a low-fat diet, might prolong the effectiveness of their hormone therapy."​

Doctors have been recommending a diet low in fat for some time, based on epidemiological studies offering evidence that such eating habits may help prevent certain cancers. This study is the first to show that a low-fat diet may help hormone therapy work better and longer, Aronson said.

"Now we need to do more detailed laboratory studies to find out how the fat intake is affecting the growth of the androgen independent cancers,"​ Aronson said.

Human studies are several years away however but men could make dietary changes to improve their chances of survivial, said Aronson.

"I think dietary fat reduction, coupled with high fibre intake from fruits and vegetables in a variety of colours, can truly have an impact on prostate cancer prevention, and in combination with existing treatments, perhaps increase survival times for patients,"​ Aronson said.